Explain the concept of OOPs in Java.

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Object-Oriented Programming (OOPs) in Java is a programming paradigm centered around the concept of objects, which are instances of classes. It allows developers to model real-world entities using code, making programs more modular, reusable, and easier to maintain.

Java is a pure object-oriented language (with minor exceptions like primitive types) and follows four main OOP principles:

  1. Encapsulation: Wrapping data (variables) and code (methods) into a single unit called a class. Access to data is controlled through access modifiers (private, public, etc.), often using getters and setters to protect the internal state.

  2. Abstraction: Hiding complex implementation details and showing only the necessary features. Java supports abstraction through abstract classes and interfaces, allowing different classes to share a common interface while implementing their own behavior.

  3. Inheritance: Allows one class (subclass) to inherit fields and methods from another class (superclass), promoting code reuse. Java uses the extends keyword for class inheritance and implements for interfaces.

  4. Polymorphism: Enables one interface to be used for different underlying data types. It allows objects to behave differently based on their class. Java supports compile-time polymorphism (method overloading) and runtime polymorphism (method overriding).

OOP in Java promotes clean architecture, reduces code duplication, and supports building complex systems with ease by modeling them as interacting objects.

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