What are checked and unchecked exceptions in Java?

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In Java, exceptions are categorized into checked and unchecked exceptions, based on how the compiler enforces exception handling.

✅ Checked Exceptions:

These are exceptions that the compiler checks at compile-time. If a method throws a checked exception, it must either handle it with a try-catch block or declare it using the throws keyword.

• Examples: IOException, SQLException, FileNotFoundException

• Use case: Situations that are outside the program’s control, like reading a file or accessing a database.

If not handled or declared, the code won’t compile.

⚠️ Unchecked Exceptions:

These are not checked at compile-time. They occur at runtime and typically represent programming errors, such as logic bugs or improper use of an API.

• Examples: Null Pointer Exception, Array Index Out Of Bounds Exception, Arithmetic Exception

• Use case: Errors that should be fixed in code and not usually recovered from during execution.

Unchecked exceptions extend Run time Exception, while checked exceptions extend Exception (but not Run time Exception).

Summary:

• Checked = must handle/declare; used for recoverable conditions.

• Unchecked = optional handling; used for programming errors.

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