What are the main features of Object-Oriented Programming in Java?

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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Java is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects", which can contain data and code to manipulate that data. Java is built around OOP principles, and its main features include:

1. Encapsulation: This means bundling data (variables) and methods (functions) that operate on the data into a single unit, or class. It also involves restricting direct access to some components, which is done using access modifiers like private, public, and protected. This helps protect the integrity of the object.

2. Inheritance: Inheritance allows a class (subclass or child class) to inherit properties and behaviors (methods) from another class (superclass or parent class). This promotes code reusability and creates a natural hierarchy between classes. Java supports single inheritance through classes and multiple inheritance through interfaces.

3. Polymorphism: Polymorphism means "many forms." In Java, this allows one interface to be used for different underlying forms (data types). It can be achieved through method overloading (compile-time polymorphism) and method overriding (runtime polymorphism), enabling flexibility in code execution.

4. Abstraction: Abstraction is the concept of hiding complex implementation details and showing only the essential features of an object. In Java, abstraction is achieved using abstract classes and interfaces. It helps in reducing complexity and increasing code maintainability.

5. Classes and Objects: In Java, everything revolves around classes and objects. A class is a blueprint for creating objects, and an object is an instance of a class.

These core OOP features help make Java a powerful, modular, and maintainable language.

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