How does authentication and authorization work in Full Stack Java?

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In a full stack Java application, authentication and authorization are critical for security.

Authentication

Authentication verifies a user's identity, typically through login credentials (username/password). In Java full stack apps, this is commonly handled on the backend using Spring Security. Here's the flow:

  1. User Login: The frontend (e.g., React/Angular) sends login details to the backend.

  2. Verification: Spring Security checks the credentials against a database (often via UserDetailsService).

  3. Token Generation: On success, a JWT (JSON Web Token) or session ID is returned.

  4. Token Storage: The frontend stores the token (commonly in localStorage or cookies) and attaches it to future requests.

Authorization

Authorization determines what an authenticated user is allowed to do.

  1. Role-Based Access Control (RBAC): Spring Security uses annotations like @PreAuthorize or method security (e.g., hasRole('ADMIN')) to control access.

  2. Request Filtering: Incoming requests are filtered to check the token and roles before allowing access to specific endpoints or services.

Frontend

The frontend restricts UI components based on the user’s roles and ensures secure requests by attaching the auth token to HTTP headers.

Summary

  • Authentication: Validates identity (login, token).

  • Authorization: Controls access (roles, permissions).

  • Spring Security + JWT: A common setup.

  • Frontend: Manages tokens, role-based UI logic.

Together, these ensure secure user access in a full stack Java app.

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